Markov chains are an essential tool for actuaries tackling SOA Exam C and CAS Exam 4, as they provide a structured way to model systems where future states depend only on the current state, not the entire history. If you’ve ever wondered how to practically apply Markov chains in actuarial contexts, this guide will walk you through the fundamentals, sprinkled with real examples and actionable tips that you can take straight into your exam and beyond.