Ruin theory is a fascinating and practical area of actuarial science that focuses on understanding the financial risks insurance companies and similar businesses face. At its core, ruin theory helps us analyze the probability that a company’s reserves will run out—that is, the chance it will become insolvent or “ruined”—due to claims or losses exceeding its available surplus. This concept is not only crucial for insurers but also offers valuable insights for any business managing risk and capital reserves.